Education
Middle East
Chad 1965 – 1979
The first phase of the Chadian civil war was fought between 1965–79. The central government
led by President N’Garta (François) Tombalbaye engaged in hostilities with multiple
rebel factions. The Front for the National Liberation Chad (Frolinat) acted as ...
Iraq 2003 – 2011
After the Persian Gulf War ended in 1991, international attention focused on Iraq
and the possibility of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) production there. Iraq’s
noncompliance with UN-sanctioned inspectors and the September 11 attacks led President
...
Iraq Kurds 1961 – 1991
In 1958, Kurdish leader Mustafa al-Barzani returned to Iraq from exile in the Soviet
Union, where he had been since leading a failed Kurdish nationalist uprising in 1943.1
Upon his return, al-Barzani assumed leadership of the Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP).2
In 1961, ...
Lebanese Civil War 1975 – 1990
The Lebanese Civil War was an exceptionally complex internal conflict that fractured
Lebanon’s diverse ethnic and religious blocs along fault lines present in Lebanese
society for centuries. The Ottoman Empire ruled over the territories that comprise
modern-day ...
Oman Dhofar 1962 – 1979
In 1962, a separatist rebellion broke out in the southwestern region of Dhofar against
Oman’s Sultan Saʿīd ibn Taymūr that lasted for 17 years. The rebellion began as a
result of Saʿīd’s regressive regime (he banned, among other things, modern medicine,
radios, ...