Education
South & Central Asia
Afghanistan 1973 鈥� 1989
The Soviet Union鈥檚 invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 began a decade-long insurgency
between the Soviet Union and Afghan People鈥檚 Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA)
forces and a disparate group of mujahideen Muslim鈥搉ationalist guerrillas. The war
...
Afghanistan 2001 鈥� 2021
The Soviet occupation from 1979 to 1989 and six years of internal conflict between
competing resistance groups after the Soviet departure left Afghanistan devastated.
A Pakistani-backed group known as the Taliban ended the lawlessness and chaos of the
...
Indonesia (Aceh) 1976 鈥� 2005
Indonesia, a former Dutch colony, experienced three decades of conflict from 1976
to 2005 between the government and separatists in Aceh province on the northern tip
of Sumatra island. The ethnic Acehnese comprise 1.4 percent of the Indonesian population.
...
Indonesia (Darul Islam) 1949 鈥� 1962
In 1948, toward the end of the Indonesian National Revolution, radical Islamic politician
Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo established the state of Darul Islam and initiated
a revolution against the newly formed Republic of Indonesia. Darul Islam emerged from
...
Indonesia (Permesta) 1957 鈥� 1961
On March 2, 1957, civil and military leaders in East Indonesia formed a rebel movement
in response to Republic of Indonesia policies they felt were stifling local economies
and disproportionately benefiting the majority Javanese ethnic group.1 The movement
initially ...
Nepal 1996 鈥� 2006
The Nepalese civil war started in 1996 when the (Maoist) Communist Party of Nepal
launched a 鈥減eople鈥檚 war鈥� adhering closely to Maoist doctrine.1 The insurgency aimed
to establish a Maoist Republic and abolish the monarchy. In the first few years, the
...
Sikh Punjab 1984 鈥� 1993
Since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, there have been numerous campaigns
to create a Sikh independent state. In 1966, Punjab鈥檚 borders were reorganized to
create the Punjabi Suba, a Sikh-majority Punjabi-speaking state, but this concession
...
Sri Lanka 1993 鈥� 2005
Since gaining independence from the United Kingdom in 1948, the island nation of Sri
Lanka has experienced episodic violence between its majority Sinhalese population
and minority Tamils. Ethnic conflict and violence spread in the 1970s and 1980s. An
array of ...
Tajikistan 1992 - 1997
Tajikistan, a former Soviet republic, gained independence in 1991. The ensuing political
struggle for power escalated into a civil war following the first elections to form
a government. The Tajik Communist Party (CPT) won the presidential election, prompting
...
Tibet Uprising 1956 鈥� 1959
China invaded and occupied Tibet in 1951. At the time of the rebellion, Lhasa, the
capital of Tibet, had been under the control of the People鈥檚 Republic of China since
the Seventeen Point Agreement imposed in 1951. This was an agreement that was signed
by a Tibetan ...